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PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: THE TWO DERIVATION RULES |
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- Stems are identical to the first-person singular (yo) form of the present indicative, minus the -o:
- Endings start with a vowel from a different verb class:
- -ar verb endings start with -e
- -er and -ir verbs endings start with -a
- There are no exceptions to the endings rule.
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-ar class |
-er class |
-ir class |
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hablar |
aprender |
recibir |
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hable |
aprenda |
reciba |
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hables |
aprendas |
recibas |
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hable |
aprenda |
reciba |
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hablemos |
aprendamos |
recibamos |
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habléis |
aprendáis |
recibáis |
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hablen |
aprendan |
reciban |
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PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: CONJUGATIONS FROM IRREGULAR YO FORMS (top of page) |
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hacer |
poner |
traer |
conocer |
incluir |
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haga |
ponga |
traiga |
conozca |
incluya |
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hagas |
pongas |
traigas |
conozcas |
incluyas |
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haga |
ponga |
traiga |
conozca |
incluya |
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hagamos |
pongamos |
traigamos |
conozcamos |
incluyamos |
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hagáis |
pongáis |
traigáis |
conozcáis |
incluyáis |
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hagan |
pongan |
traigan |
conozcan |
incluyan |
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- Stem-changes in -ar and -er verbs are identical to those of the present indicative
- In -ir verbs, nosotros and vosotros forms have changes, unlike the present indicative (see highlighted forms)
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e→ie |
e→ie |
o→ue |
o→ue |
e→ie; e→i |
e→i |
o→ue; o→u |
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pensar |
perder |
contar |
volver |
preferir |
servir |
dormir |
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piense |
pierda |
cuente |
vuelva |
prefiera |
sirva |
duerma |
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pienses |
pierdas |
cuentes |
vuelvas |
prefieras |
sirvas |
duermas |
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piense |
pierda |
cuente |
vuelva |
prefiera |
sirva |
duerma |
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pensemos |
perdamos |
contemos |
volvamos |
prefiramos |
sirvamos |
durmamos |
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penséis |
perdáis |
contéis |
volváis |
prefiráis |
sirváis |
durmáis |
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piensen |
pierdan |
cuenten |
vuelvan |
prefieran |
sirvan |
duerman |
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g↔gu |
c→qu |
z↔c |
g→j |
gu→gü |
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llegar |
distinguir |
buscar |
abrazar |
convencer |
recoger |
averiguar |
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llegue |
distinga |
busque |
abrace |
convenza |
recoja |
averigüe |
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llegue |
distinga |
busque |
abrace |
convenza |
recoja |
averigüe |
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llegue |
distinga |
busque |
abrace |
convenza |
recoja |
averigüe |
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llegue |
distinga |
busque |
abrace |
convenza |
recoja |
averigüe |
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llegue |
distinga |
busque |
abrace |
convenza |
recoja |
averigüe |
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llegue |
distinga |
busque |
abrace |
convenza |
recoja |
averigüe |
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These verbs do not derive their subjunctive forms from their indicative yo forms (see derivation rules). |
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dar |
estar |
haber |
ir |
saber |
ser |
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dé |
esté |
haya |
vaya |
sepa |
sea |
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des |
estés |
hayas |
vayas |
sepas |
seas |
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dé |
esté |
haya |
vaya |
sepa |
sea |
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demos |
estemos |
hayamos |
vayamos |
sepamos |
seamos |
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deis |
estéis |
hayáis |
vayáis |
sepáis |
seáis |
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den |
estén |
hayan |
vayan |
sepan |
sean |
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